Answer:
1. During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a replication fork.
2. After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called daughter DNAs, are identical to each other.
3. The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called DNA polymerase.
4. Okazaki fragmentsare the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA.
5. The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the leading strand.
Explanation:
DNA replication is a process that occurs during the interphase (S phase) of the cell cycle and in which DNA is replicated. DNA replication is semiconservative which means that each strand in the double helix (leading strand and lagging strand) acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand that will become daughter DNA.
DNA polymerase is the main enzyme of the DNA synthesis: it requires primer (short sequence of DNA) for the initiation and it performs its function only in one direction 5'-3'. Other enzymes involved in DNA replication are DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase.
Answer: Genetic variability is beneficial for the survival and adaptation. But a flaw in DNA Replication Control or check may leads to the death of cell or may contribute in the disease or cancer.
Explanation:
Almost every species comes with the diversified collection of genes (genome). And some of the diversity comes from the spontaneous mutation but it occurs on a very low frequency. The genes either express constitutively or occasionally for an important task like genes responsible in the generation of ATP by glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain etc. While some of the genes are inducible that is only activated in a response to an external stimuli. Genetic variations in inducible genes might account for the adaptability or negligible change in a species genetic expression but genetic variation in constitutive or house keeping genes leads to cancer cell formation or even cell death. like mutation occur in p53 genes dysregulate the cell cycle or mutation occur in DNA polymerase enzyme that is responsible for the incorporation of NTPs (nucleotide tri-phosphates) according to wobble base pairing rule in order to make a complementary new strand from the old or parent strand, will eventually leads to cause mutations ultimately results in cell death or cancerous cell formation.
Some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through the process of urine formation.
Urine: A liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea, which is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra.
The process of urine formation involves 3 major steps:
- Filtration:- Blood enters the afferent arteriole during filtration, flowing into the glomerulus where filterable blood components—such as water and nitrogenous waste—move toward the interior of the glomerulus and nonfilterable blood components—such as cells and serum albumins—exit via the efferent arteriole.
- Reabsorption: During this, ions and molecules will be returned to the bloodstream. As the fluid's osmolarity (ion concentration) fluctuates, water and ions are eliminated as it moves through the proximal/distal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle, and the collecting duct.
- The process of secretion involves the removal of various substances from the blood into the collecting duct, including hydrogen ions, creatinine, and medications. Urine, the final result of all these procedures, is essentially a collection of chemicals that have not undergone tubular or glomerular reabsorption.
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Answer:
The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. this is done through the use of restriction enzymes and ligase to insert and close the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. The more the cells divide, the more insulin is produced as bacteria divides into two identical daughter cells like in mitosis.
Explanation:
Hermit crabs and giant tritons have a commensalism type of relationship.
