Ionic bonds are forces that hold together electrostatic forces of attractions between oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds have an electronegativity difference greater than or equal to 2. Covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference that is less than 2.
The first ionization and second ionization of an atom are similar in following ways:
1. Both ionizations involve atom and energy
2. Both lose an electron.
The difference between first and second ionization of an atom is that both started and ended with different ions/atom.
Answer:
0,0,0,0
Explanation:
The formal charge formula:

So:
Hydrogen: 1 elec. of valence and shares two electrons with the O

Oxygen: 6 elec. of valence, 2 lone pairs and shares two electrons with the H and two with the F

Fluorine: 7 elec. of valence, 6 lone pairs and shares two electrons with the O

Oxygen: 6 elec. of valence, 3 lone pairs

Note: the dative bond between F and the second O doesn't count as shared electrons.
Answer:
The kinetic energy of the two stones is 320 J
Explanation:
Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possesses due to its movement. So it is the capacity or work that allows an object to go from being at rest, or still, to moving at a certain speed.
In other words, the kinetic energy of an object is that which is produced due to its motion and depends on its mass and velocity as follows:

where the kinetic energy Ec is measured in joules (J), the mass m is measured in kilograms (kg) and the velocity v in meters/second (m/s).
In this case you know that a 20 kg curling stone is sliding in a positive direction at 4 m/s. So:
Replacing you have:

Ec₁= 160 J
A second curling stone slides at the same speed but in the opposite direction. So:
Replacing you have:

Ec₂= 160 J
The kinetic energy of the two stones is calculated as:
Ec= Ec₁ + Ec₂
Ec= 160 J + 160 J
Ec= 320 J
<u><em>The kinetic energy of the two stones is 320 J</em></u>