Here is what all 3 symbiotic relationships are: Parasitism is where one organism is benefited and the other is harmed. Commensalism one organism is benefited and the other one is not helped or harmed. Mutualism is were both organisms are benefited or both help each other. Easy ways to remember symbiotic relationships :)
Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms are called consumers. They are organisms like animals and fungi.
Scientists believe that amphibians evolved from bony fish. C.
Answer:
Cytokines made by other innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells
Explanation:
Innate Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on Dendritic cells and macrophages sense and respond to PAMPs and produce cytokines. Cytokines start the innate immune response.
The cytokines are produced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as peptidoglycan monomers or CpG sequences on bacterial and viral genomes. Cytokines produced in response to pathogen receptors on cell surfaces, such as the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, chemokines and type I interferons that act on leukocytes so as to promote and control early inflammatory responses.
Answer:
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of serous fluid.
Explanation:
Between the parietal layer and visceral layer of an internal cavity there is serous fluid that reduces the friction between these two surfaces and allows an easier movement of the parietal and visceral layers. The serous fluid is produced by serous glands that are in the parietal and visceral membrane.
