Carbon forms Covalent bonds rather than ionic bonds.
<h3>About Carbon atom:</h3>The origin of the name ‘carbon’ is a Latin word ‘carbo’ which means charcoal.
- it is the fourth most abundant element in the entire universe. And it is the second most abundant element in our bodies after oxygen.
- The atomic number of carbon is 6.
- It is represented by the symbol C and is a non-metal.
- It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and obviously 6 electrons.
- carbon atom is considered to be special and unique because it can bond with other carbon atoms to an almost unlimited degree.
Physical properties of carbon are:
- The physical properties of this element vary according to its allotropes.
- The two major allotropes are diamond and graphite.
- diamond is transparent and has no colour, graphite is opaque and black
- Diamond is the hardest substance known to man, graphite is soft and spongy in texture
- diamond cannot conduct electricity at all, graphite is a very good conductor of electricity.
- Both allotropic elements are solid, non-gaseous
- Also both diamond and graphite are insoluble in water
- It does not melt when heated, it sublimes which is it turns to gaseous form
- It makes up for 18% of the human body.
- Sugar, glucose, proteins etc. are all made of carbon.
- The food we eat contains an important source of energy called carbohydrate.
- Carbon in its diamond form is used in jewellery.
- Amorphous carbon is used to make inks and paints.
- It is also used in batteries.
- Graphite is used as the lead in your pencils.
- It is also used in the production of steel.
- One of the most important uses is carbon dating. We can actually use carbon to measure the age of things. Scientists use a rare form of carbon called Carbon-14 to measure the age of fossils, bones etc.
The reason behind the covalent bond is it's tetravalency, that means Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell.
Electronic Configuration of Carbon= 1s²2s²2p²
This clearly implies deficiency of 4 electrons to complete its octet .
Now,
In case of formation of ionic bond, gain or loss of electrons takes place.
So, Carbon has two options either it gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons in order to form anion and cation respectively.
Both these possibilities are practically not possible.
Hence, in order to complete octet , Carbon prefers to share 4 electrons with any element rather than to form ion. And sharing electrons helps both the atoms.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that, Carbon forms Covalent bonds rather than ionic bonds.
b) Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it can achieve a full outer energy level by forming four covalent bonds.
When it bonds only with hydrogen, it forms compounds called hydrocarbons.
Carbon can form single, double or triple covalent bonds with other atoms in order to complete its octet.
d) The carbon atom is unique among elements in its tendency to form extensive networks of covalent bonds not only with other elements but also with itself. Moreover of all the elements in the second row, carbon has the maximum number of outer shell electrons (four). capable of forming covalent bonds.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that, Carbon bonds to itself more extensively than does any other element.
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Question: Explain each statement in terms of atomic properties:
(a) Carbon engages in covalent rather than ionic bonding.
(b) Carbon has four bonds in all its organic compounds
d) Carbon bonds to itself more extensively than does any other element.