in <u>classical conditioning</u>, the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
Classical conditioning is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g., food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a triangle). It also refers to the learning process that occurs as a result of this pairing, in which the neutral stimulus begins to elicit a response (e.g., salivation) that is typically similar to the one produced by the potent stimulus.
Classical conditioning is a fundamental behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are only now being discovered. Though distinguishing classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g., instrumental learning and human associative memory) can be difficult at times, a number of observations distinguish them, particularly the contingencies under which learning occurs.
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Explain collective action problems and free riding, and how groups get around these problems through benefits of participation (i.e., solidary benefits and purposive benefits), coercion, and selective incentives.
collective action problem; situation in which members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work; one individuals efforts will not make a big difference; individual is better off free riding, can not do any work but still enjoy successes of group; even when people agree something would be good, cooperation isn't easy or automatic
free riding; relying on others to contribute to a collective effort and not participating on ones own behalf, but still benefiting from the groups successes
mechanism to promote cooperation: benefits from participation, coercion, selective incentives
soldiery benefits-satisfaction derived from the experience of working with like-minded people, even if the groups efforts do not achieve the desired impact
purposive benefit- satisfaction that comes from working to achieve a common goal
coercion- requiring participation; ex. labor unions require union dues as condition
selective incentives- benefits only given to members of an interest group
hope this helps.
Based on Durkheims views, this graph can be said to show that more death penalty has occurred more than he would have expected.
<h3>What is the death penalty?</h3>
This is the kind of punishment that is given to criminals or people in the jail due to grave offences that they have committed.
It is the purposeful taking of the life of a person. What the graph shows is the fact that the number of death penalties are much.
Read more on the death penalty here:brainly.com/question/732147
<span>When a person applies his existing his knowledge into his experience then he has achieved a pragmatic view of his knowledge. Any existing thought or idea is waste without applies it into practical life. Therefore, applying the ideas to experience make a person to learn more and enhance his existing knowledge vase.</span>
Stapleton indicated in the <u>Critical Deaf Theory</u> that audism is a phenomenon that is socially constructed and posits that audism occurs regularly. This is closely linked to deficit error.
<h3>What is Audism?</h3>
This is the practice of discriminating against people who have hearing challenges. This prejudice may occur in the following ways:
- trying to assist people who are deaf to communicate:
- asking a person with hearing challenges to read one's lips or write against their wish or preferred mode of communication
- refusing to get an interpreter at the request of a deaf person.
Audism is very similar to Deficit Error.
Please see the link below for more about Deficit Error:
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