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Chemically altered nucleosides derived from canonical ribo-or deoxyribonucleoside-derivatives of adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine or thymidine are found in all types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. They are particularly abundant in noncoding RNAs, such as transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNA of higher organisms. By increasing the structural diversity of nucleic acids, modified nucleosides play important roles in gene expression and in regulating many aspects of RNA functions. They also contribute to nucleic acid stability and to protection of genetic materials against virus aggression. In this chapter we present a historical overview of the discovery, occurrence, and diversity of the many naturally occurring modified nucleosides that are present in both DNA and RNA of diverse organisms. We also briefly describe the different enzymes that accomplish these nucleic acid ‘decorations’. More information about the structure, function, biosynthesis and evolutionary aspects of selected modified nucleosides in DNA and RNA and their corresponding modification enzymes can be found elsewhere in this volume.
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Health education is a field of study that focuses on the role of health in population growth and development. It includes physical, mental, and spiritual emotional, intellectual health.
Its aim is to address the issue of illness, death, malnutrition, and rising health care costs. People who study health education are well aware of the fact of population growth and depletion of resources.
Health education suggests that the increase in population growth has resulted in the overuse of resources around the world and this impacts the availability of groundwater and changes in the climate of countries.
Air pollution and rising food consumption patterns around the world show generation of wastes and contamination of the environment.
Learn more about the people who get health education are aware of problems of population growth and environment degradation.
