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Answer:
Electrons on the outermost shell of an atom. They are responsible for the chemical properties of an atom.
Answer:
The exceptions to the periodic trends in ionization energy are the first ionization energy of beryllium is higher than that of boron and the first ionization energy of nitrogen is also higher than that of oxygen.
Explanation:
Taking a close look at the figure of first ionization energies, it clearly shows that the first ionization energy of beryllium is higher than that of boron and the first ionization energy of nitrogen is also higher than that of oxygen.
This is as a result of Hund's rule and electron configuration. For example, the first ionization potential electron of beryllium is obtained from a 2s orbital while that of boron comes from a 2p electron. However, for oxygen and nitrogen, their electrons are obtained from 2p orbitals. While spin is uniform for all 2p electrons of nitrogen, it is different for oxygen.
Clouds are a source of Infrared Radiation. When cloud coverage increases, the infrared radiation also increases. So the clouds basically act as space heaters. This emits energy towards the ground, which is what makes cloudy nights warmer. While with clear sky’s all the heat from the day just escapes back into the atmosphere so the temperatures will be colder.
