The answer is B:
A chipmunk takes shelter in and oak tree and is protected from predators, and in return disperses seed around the area
This process is called Denitrification. The process is undertaken by the denitrifying bacteria, whose action is converting nitrates in the soil to free atmospheric nitrogen and therefore, depleting soil fertility and reducing agricultural productivity. Examples of denitrifying bacteria are thiobacillus denitrificans, micrococcus denitrificans among others.
Answer:
The correct answer is - decreased population size at all levels.
Explanation:
A decrease in the productivity of producers of an ecosystem will lead to a decrease in all other organisms of the ecosystem including top-level consumers to the bottom-level producers due to the fact that producers provide energy and food to primary consumers.
It is because they are the only organisms that convert the sunlight to usable energy and food that transfer from one trophic level to other, so if the population of producers or their productivity will decrease then there will be decreased population size at all levels.
Transduction. Transudction is the process where foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example would be a viral transfer from one bacteria to another.
