Answer:
The Various Kinases that is activated after the breaks in DNA is after the activation of ATM serine threonine kinase which helps in phosphorylation of other DNA replication check proteins, p53 protein (tumor suppressor protein) etc.
Explanation:
ATM activated by MRN complex at the site of DNA double stranded breaks by phosphorylation. MRN complex activity on ATM induces a conformational change in ATM kinase. So it can bind to its various substrate molecules that helps in DNA replication cycle arrest.
ATM phosphorylates CHK2 protein a product of CHEK2 gene, also known as effector kinases that phosphorylates and helps in deactivation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) that helps in the prevention of progression of mitotic phase.
ATM also phosphorylates the inhibitors of p53 proteins which leads to the overexpression of p21, an inhibitor of (CDKs).
Double-stranded DNA loops around 8 histones twice, forming the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging. DNA can be further packaged by forming coils of nucleosomes, called chromatin fibers. These fibers are condensed into chromosomes during mitosis, or the process of cell division.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
During DNA packaging, long pieces of double-stranded DNA are tightly looped, coiled, super coiled, and folded so that they fit easily within the cell. This highly compacted DNA is then arranged into structures called chromosomes.
The answer would be: <span>transgenic
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Bacteria can be altered to produce a specific protein by introducing a sequence of DNA into their genes. This bacteria is called genetically modified bacteria. Bacteria that producing insulin called transgenic because they have genes of other species transplanted on them.
The answer is pili. the specific type of pili that can exchange genetic information is conjugative pili. when bacteria exchange geetc information, this process is called bacterial conjugation. conjugative pili can also be named as sex pili because they also allow exchange of genes
<span>1 .phylum2.animals (features )
Happy studying ^_^
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