The downward or upward curve at the surface of liquid in a container is said to be the meniscus of the liquid, which occurs due to the surface tension. This curve can be concave or convex depending on how the molecules of liquid interact with surface of the container. The reading of the meniscus should always be done at the eye-level.
When the particles of the liquid are more attracted to the container than to each other then a concave meniscus occurs whereas when the particles of the liquid are more attracted to each other than to the container then a convex meniscus occurs.
The bottom of the curve will be read for a concave meniscus and for convex meniscus, the top of the curve gives the correct reading of the volume of liquid.
A closed system is completely closed to the outside environment. Every interaction is transmitted inside that closed system.
Answer: 3.73 grams
Explanation:
where Q= quantity of electricity in coloumbs
I = current in amperes = 96.0 A
t= time in seconds = 37.0 sec
The reaction at cathode is:
of electricity deposits 1 mole of
3552 C of electricity deposits =
of Pb
Thus mass of lead deposited is 3.73 g
The enthalpy change of the reaction below (ΔHr×n , in kJ) using the bond energies provided. CO(g) + Cl₂(g) → Cl₂CO(g). is - 108kJ.
The bond energies data is given as follows:
BE for C≡O = 1072 kJ/mol
BE for Cl-Cl = 242 kJ/mol
BE for C-Cl = 328 kJ/mol
BE for C=O = 766 kJ/mol
The enthalpy change for the reaction is given as :
ΔHr×n = ∑H reactant bond - ∑H product bond
ΔHr×n = ( BE C≡O + BE Cl-Cl) - ( BE C=O + BE 2 × Cl-Cl )
ΔHr×n = ( 1072 + 242 ) - ( 766 + 656 )
ΔHr×n = 1314 - 1422
ΔHr×n = - 108 kJ
Thus, The enthalpy change of the reaction below ( ΔHr×n , in kJ) using the bond energies provided. CO(g) + Cl₂(g) → Cl₂CO(g). is - 108kJ.
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