Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons with each other.
Polar covalent bonds are the same as nonpolar covalent bonds, but a pair of electrons are unequally shared between 2 atoms.
Ionic bonds are a type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound.
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Ionic compounds are formed by the complete transfer of electrons between the atoms. The atom which gains electron(s) forms anion whereas loss of electron(s) results in the formation of cation. They are bonded to each other by electrostatic force of attraction between the negatively and positively charged atoms.
While writing the ionic chemical formula for binary ionic compound the rules are:
- Writing the chemical symbol of the metals and non-metals involved in the compound formation.
- The charge i.e. the absolute value of oxidation number of each metal is written on respective atoms.
- The charge i.e. the absolute value of oxidation number are cross-multiplied that is the charge of first ion becomes the subscript of second ion and vice versa.
Hence, in the writing of ionic chemical formulas, the value of each ion's charge is "crossed over" in the crossover rule.
(Answer) (d) Chemical reaction rates vary with the conditions of the reaction, but nuclear decay rates do not.
Rate of a chemical reaction refers to rate of formation of products from reactions during a chemical reaction. The rates of chemical reactions depend on various factors such as temperature, pressure, concentration of reactants, presence of catalyst etc. For this reason, chemical reaction rates vary with the conditions of the reaction.
Nuclear decay rate refers to the constant ratio of the number of atoms of radioactive nucleus that decay during a certain interval of time to the total number of radioactive atoms at the beginning of the time interval. Nuclear decay rates are constant and do not vary with the conditions of the reaction.
Answer:
in the fraction distillation method, two liquids such as benzene and toluene are produced from the mixture of benzene and toluene.
Explanation:
Fractional distillation is a technique used in the industries for the separation of two or more liquids from one another. In this process liquid is heated, those liquid has lower boiling point will change into vapor form and collect in the upper chamber of fractional distillation while the liquid having higher boiling point also evaporates after sometime and keep it in another chamber. In the mixture of benzene and toluene, the boiling point of benzene is lower so it evaporates earlier than toluene.
