Explain the differences among nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.

1 answer:

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Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons with each other.
Polar covalent bonds are the same as nonpolar covalent bonds, but a pair of electrons are unequally shared between 2 atoms.
Ionic bonds are a type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound.

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One kilogram of water at 100 0C is cooled reversibly to 15 0C. Compute the change in entropy. Specific heat of water is 4190 J/K

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Answer:

The change in entropy is -1083.112 joules per kilogram-Kelvin.

Explanation:

If the water is cooled reversibly with no phase changes, then there is no entropy generation during the entire process. By the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we represent the change of entropy ( $s_{2} - s_{1}$ ), in joules per gram-Kelvin, by the following model:

$s_{2} - s_{1} = \int\limits^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}} {\frac{dQ}{T} }$

$s_{2} - s_{1} = m\cdot c_{w} \cdot \int\limits^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}} {\frac{dT}{T} }$

$s_{2} - s_{1} = m\cdot c_{w} \cdot \ln \frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}}$ (1)

Where:

$m$ - Mass, in kilograms.

$c_{w}$ - Specific heat of water, in joules per kilogram-Kelvin.

$T_{1}$ , $T_{2}$ - Initial and final temperatures of water, in Kelvin.

If we know that $m = 1\,kg$ , $c_{w} = 4190\,\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$ , $T_{1} = 373.15\,K$ and $T_{2} = 288.15\,K$ , then the change in entropy for the entire process is: