Which change to the experimental design would improve the reliability of the engineers' measurements?
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we have to know the spin of valence electrons of carbon-14
There are four unpaired electron which are called as valence electron also.The spin of the four unpaired electron is either upfilled or down filled.
The ground state electronic configuration of C-atom is 1s²2s²2p² and one electron from 2s orbital gets excited to 2p orbital. The elctronic configuration in excited state is 1s²2s¹.
The electron jumps because half-filled orbitals are more stable. Exchange energy is less than pairing energy.