Decrease in atmospheric ozone, which results in lower protection from various stellar particles
Answer:


Explanation:
Given:
temperature of source reservoir, 
temperature of sink reservoir, 
energy absorbed from the source, 
work done, 
a.
<u>Now change in entropy of the surrounding:</u>

<em>Since heat engine is a device that absorbs heat from a high temperature reservoir and does some work giving out heat in the universe as the byproduct.</em>



b.
<u>We know Carnot efficiency is given as:</u>



<u>Now the Carnot work done:</u>


.......................(1)
c.
From eq. (1) we have the Carnot work, so the difference:



Now, we find:

Answer:
a) q_1=q_2= 7.42*10^-7 C
b) q_2= 3.7102*10^-7 C , q_1 = 14.8*10^-7 C
Explanation:
Given:
F_e = 0.220 N
separation between spheres r = 0.15 m
Electrostatic constant k = 8.99*10^9
Find: charge on each sphere
part a
q_1 = q_2
Using coulomb's law:
F_e = k*q_1*q_2 / r^2
q_1^2 = F_e*r^2/k
q_1=q_2= sqrt (F_e*r^2/k)
Plug in the values and evaluate:
q_1=q_2= sqrt (0.22*0.15^2/8.99*10^9)
q_1=q_2= 7.42*10^-7 C
part b
q_1 = 4*q_2
Using coulomb's law:
F_e = k*q_1*q_2 / r^2
q_2^2 = F_e*r^2/4*k
q_2= sqrt (F_e*r^2/4*k)
Plug in the values and evaluate:
q_2= sqrt (0.22*0.15^2/4*8.99*10^9)
q_2= 3.7102*10^-7 C
q_1 = 14.8*10^-7 C