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Answer:
Acceleration is defined as the ratio between the change in velocity of an object and the time it takes for the object to change the velocity.
In formula, this is written as:
where
vf is the final velocity
vi is the initial velocity
t is the time it takes for the object to accelerate from u to v
Note that acceleration is a vector, so it can also be caused by a change in the direction of the velocity, not only by a change in its magnitude.
1) Acceleration of the sled
The acceleration of the sled is given by the net force acting in the direction parallel to the incline. There are two forces acting along this direction: the component of the weight parallel to the ramp (downward) and the friction (upward). Therefore, the net force acting in this direction is
And the acceleration is given by Newton's second law:
2) Normal force
The normal force acting on the sled is equal to the component of the weight perpendicular to the incline, therefore: