The pKa represents the pH of the medium at which the zwitterionic amino acid assumes most stable ionic form due to structural stabilization. As the pKa is dependent upon the environmental factors of the solution around the amino acids, a change in their structure and localization can cause change in the pKa of the protein. Thus, the answers can be found as below:
Part A: Decrease (As the lysine is basic in nature, it will tend to stabilize the electrostatic interaction and weak interactions between the acidic amino acids and hydrogen bonds in the viscinity, thus lowering the pH and hence pKa of the protein)
Part B: Increase (As the carboxyl group is acidic in nature, removal of it will tend to increase the pKa since the basic amino acids will tend to accumulate more negative charge in their viscinity)
Part C: Increase (As glutamic acid is an acidic amino acid, its shift from outside to a non-polar site will prevents its ionization and hence the pKa will tend to shift from slightly acidic to slightly basic, hence increase)
<span>Fish have adaptable behaviors and structures so that they can
survive in the wild. These adaptations however differ with regards to context
and environment. Some fishes for example are called stonefish because they can
camouflage in environments that are composed variedly with pebbles and rocks,
and this helps them to avoid predators and thrive. Nevertheless, when these
group of organisms are strayed and become exposed to a new environment they can
be exposed and be vulnerable to predators. </span>
a. What is a star's spectrum?
A star's spectrum refers to the <em>"amount of light"</em> that stars they give off according to varying wavelengths. Since we cannot tell the amount of light a star gives off quantitatively from Earth, we can differentiate them according to how bright they appear.
b. Which spectrum is most common in stars?
Stars are classified according to their spectra <em>(elements in the star)</em>. They are classified into 7 types <em>(O, B, A, F, G, K and O). </em>The most common type is M, however, it gives off a dim light.
c. How can it differ from start to star?
Although stars follow a continuous spectrum, the spectra of a star differs from each other because <u>they do not give off the same amount of energy at the different wavelengths. </u>
d. What does the spectrum tell us about the star?
The spectrum can tell the<em> surface temperature</em> of the star. This means that a blue star (we often see it as a white-colored star from Earth) is hotter than that of a yellow star. A red star is considered the coolest star among all.
The spectrum of stars also allows the astronomers to study composition of the stars according to their <em>wavelengths.</em>
Answer:
Cb>Cy>Co>Cr
Explanation:
First of al we need to do the Punnett square. As a result we get the genotypes:
CyCb
CyCr
CoCb
CoCr
Because there are no red frogs, red is the least dominant as it isn't expressed in any genotype.
Half of the progeny are blue and half of the possible genotypes contain the blue allele meaning that blue is expressed in all genotypes. This means that blue is the most dominant.
The only alleles left are yellow and orange. We can deduce that yellow is more dominant than orange because one of the parent frogs is yellow and contains the genes for yellow and orange.
As a result blue is the most dominant, yellow is the second most dominant, orange is the third most dominant and red is the least dominant.
Formation of clouds containing water droplets
Hope this help
