Answer:
Saponification is a process in which soap is formed from mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. These fatty acids are reacted high temperature of At 80°C-100°C with alkali to extract salt. These alkali can be sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
Soap has both polar (ionic) and non polar molecules due to which it has characteristics of both hydrophilic substance (having tendency to mix with water) and hydrophobic substance (have tendency to mix with oils) and due to this nature it can act as an emulsifier.
An emulsifier has tendency to diffuse one liquid into another liquid which is incapable of mixing with homogeneous liquid like water.
Cleansing action takes place due to presence of ionic and non-polar properties at same time, in combination with solubility principles. The ionic end of soap molecule is the salt end. It is hydrophilic (water soluble) in nature. The non-polar end cotains long hydrocarbon chains and is hydrophobic (water repellent).
When immiscible liquids like grease or oil mixed with soap water, non polar end (hydrophobic end) absorbs the dirt which means the soap will form the micelles and trap the dirt in it. As micelles is soluble in water it will remove the dirt with it.
Answer:
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
2. machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge.
3. the branch of knowledge dealing with engineering or applied sciences.
Explanation:
Answer:
A) б = - R ( nA In Ya - nB In Yb )
B) s2 = ( nA + nB ) s( T,P )
C) No entropy will be produced
Explanation:
A) assuming ideal gas behavior the expression for entropy produced
for a closed system : s2 - s1 = б
where : s1 ( initial entropy ) = nA sA ( T, P ) + nB sB ( T, P )
s2 ( final entropy ) = nA sA ( T, YaP ) + nB sB ( T, YbP )
∴ б = - R ( nA In Ya - nB In Yb )
B) Given that
Ya and Yb are less than 1 respectively, hence the value of б = positive
also assuming the gases are identical
s2 = ( nA + nB ) s( T,P )
C) No entropy will be produced when same gas at same temperature and same pressure are mixed
Answer:
The confidence scale represents an ordinal scale of measurement
Explanation:
An ordinal scale or level of measurement is used to measure attributes that can be ranked or ordered, but the interval between the attributes do not have quantitative significance. In this case, the measurement was done on a scale of 1 - 7, with a "1" being; not all that race of defendant has an impact on jury verdicts and a "7" being "very" meaning that race indeed has impact on jury verdicts. Another example can be a survey carried out on the level of customer satisfaction on a particular product, with "1" most dissatisfied and "10 " representing most satisfied. In the first example, it is wrong to say that the difference between 1 being "not at all" and maybe 3 is the same as the difference between 5 and 7 which have different connotations, because the numbers are merely for tagging and not to quantify.
Other levels of measurement include:
1. Nominal: this is the simplest level of measurement and it is simply used to categorize the attributes. Example is taking a survey on gender in the categories of male, female and transgender.
2. Interval: the interval scale is used when the distance between two attributes have meanings but there is no true zero value associated with the scale.
3. Ratio: this combines all the other three levels of measurement and is used to categorize, used to show ranking, has meaningful distances between the attributes and the scale has a true zero point. Example is the measurement of temperature using the celcius scale thermometer, where there is a true zero point at 0°C and the distance between 5°C and 10°C is the same as the distance between 10°C and 15°C.
