Answer:
(a) sp³ sp³
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H₃
(b) sp³ sp²
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H = <u>C</u>H₂
sp²
(c) sp³ sp
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u> ≡ <u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H₂OH
sp sp³
(d) sp³ sp²
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H=O
Explanation:
Alkanes or the carbons with all the single bonds are sp³ hybridized.
Alkenes or the carbons with double bond(s) are sp² hybridized.
Alkynes or the carbons with triple bond are sp hybridized.
Considering:
(a) H₃C-CH₃ , Both the carbons are bonded by single bond so both the carbons are sp³ hybridized.
Hence,
sp³ sp³
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H₃
(b) H₃C-CH=CH₂ , The carbon of the methyl group is sp³ hybridized as it is boned via single bonds. The rest 2 carbons are sp² hybridized because they are bonded by double bond.
Hence,
sp³ sp²
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H = <u>C</u>H₂
sp²
(c) H₃C-C≡C-CH₂OH , The carbons of the methyl group and alcoholic group are sp³ hybridized as it is boned via single bonds. The rest 2 carbons are sp hybridized because they are bonded by triple bond.
Hence,
sp³ sp
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u> ≡ <u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H₂OH
sp sp³
(d)CH₃CH=O, The carbon of the methyl group is sp³ hybridized as it is boned via single bonds. The other carbon is sp² hybridized because it is bonded by double bond to oxygen.
Hence,
sp³ sp²
H₃<u>C</u> - <u>C</u>H=O
They have high melting and boiling points and are hard and brittle
Reduction I think... not entirely sure though... when a molecule loses oxygen...?
Answer:
The human body is composed of the different systems or controlling parts, and among these organs the brain and spinal cord functions for the regulation of nerves and for the regulation of communication inside the human body. As, there are small basic units or cells called as neurons which makes up the basic framework for the functioning of this nervous system.
- Now, each of our body's function is either voluntary or involuntary in nature. As, they arise to having a chemical imbalance or in other words a synapse inside the structure or body of the neurons. While, all of the actions are full controlled by the central nervous system but some of them are controlled by the processing system which are called as the voluntary changes or actions. And on the other those which are not controlled all by the human body, as such actions are said to be involuntary in nature.
- While, the nervous system outside the more organized and becomes more complex when we analyze the nervous system outside the CNS and such neural system is then termed as the peripheral nervous system.
- Some of the response are quick and do not require any longer for the body to react in and such body responses are termed as the autonomic fight-or-flight responses. As, such functions or changes inside the body posture and system included inside the sympathetic relaxing responses.
