a.

b.

c. By the law of total probability,

According to the inclusion/exclusion principle,

but by DeMorgan's law,

So

and from there we find

d. The event of having at most two of these defects is complementary to the event that all three defects occur simultaneously:

Answer:
a = 11
Step-by-step explanation:
if A is 7 in the equation A + 4, the it could also be written as 7 + 4.
then it would just be simple addition, because you would add 7 + 4, which equals 11.
Hope this helps!
Answer:
b) Excessive water or water in the root zone can decrease ... ¼ 1, 240kg/ha. Crop price ¼ Ya р Ю $/kg р. Ю ¼ 1,240 kg/ha 0.9 р Ю ¼ $1, 116. WC ¼ $/m3.
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Step-by-step explanation: