Answer:
When the patch occupancy rate (c) equals the patch extinction rate (e), patch occupancy (P) is 0
Explanation:
According to Levin's model (1969):
<em>dP/dt = c - e</em>
where P represents the proportion of occupied patches.
<em>c</em><em> </em>and <em>e </em>are the local immigration and extinction probabilities per patch.
Thus, the rate of change of P, written as dP/dt, tells you whether P will increase, decrease or stay the same:
- if dP/dt >0, then P is increasing with time
- if dP/dt <0, then P is decreasing with time
- if dP/dt = 0, then P is remaining the same with time.
The rate dP/dt is calculated by the difference between colonization or occupancy rate (<em>c</em>) and extinction rate (<em>e</em>).
c is then calculated as the number of successful colonizations of unoccupied patches as a proportion of all available patches, while e is the proportion of patches becoming empty. Notice that P can range between 0 and 1.
As a result, if the patch occupancy rate (c) equals the patch extinction rate (e), then patch occupancy P equals to 0.
The answer is A. Decreased pH levels. A substance having a pH value less than seven is considered to be acidic. Increases in the concentration of these gases from the use of fossil fuels leads to more acid precipitation, lowering the pH of aquatic environments. Plant life and soil can also be affected by acid rain. Buildings and other infrastructure can be damaged.
Yes, the color shown on the leaf gives you the pigment.
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, light energy, and water from the soil is used to create the plant's food, usually glucose. The waste product released is oxygen. I guess put oxygen for both boxes point out from the leaves.
