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strojnjashka [21]
3 years ago
14

Explain how polarization of a cell increases the cell's internal resistance.(22.​

Physics
1 answer:
Mandarinka [93]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

Explanation: The chemical action that occurs in the cell while the current is flowing causes hydrogen bubbles to form on the surface of the anode. This action is called POLARIZATION. Some hydrogen bubbles rise to the surface of the electrolyte and escape into the air, some remain on the surface of the anode. If enough bubbles remain around the anode, the bubbles form a barrier that increases internal resistance. When the internal resistance of the cell increases, the output current is decreased and the voltage of the cell also decreases.

   A cell that is heavily polarized has no useful output. There are several methods to prevent polarization or to depolarize the cell.

   One method uses a vent on the cell to permit the hydrogen to escape into the air. A disadvantage of this method is that hydrogen is not available to reform into the electrolyte during recharging. This problem is solved by adding water to the electrolyte, such as in an automobile battery. A second method is to use material that is rich in oxygen, such as manganese dioxide, which supplies free oxygen to combine with the hydrogen and form water.

   A third method is to use a material that will absorb the hydrogen, such as calcium. The calcium releases hydrogen during the charging process. All three methods remove enough hydrogen so that the cell is practically free from polarization.

LOCAL ACTION

   When the external circuit is removed, the current ceases to flow, and, theoretically, all chemical action within the cell stops. However, commercial zinc contains many impurities, such as iron, carbon, lead, and arsenic. These impurities form many small electrical cells within the zinc electrode in which current flows between the zinc and its impurities. Thus, the chemical action continues even though the cell itself is not connected to a load.

   Local action may be prevented by using pure zinc (which is not practical), by coating the zinc with mercury, or by adding a small percentage of mercury to the zinc during the manufacturing process. The treatment of the zinc with mercury is called amalgamating (mixing) the zinc. Since mercury is many times heavier than an equal volume of water, small particles of impurities weighing less than mercury will float to the surface of the mercury. The removal of these impurities from the zinc prevents local action. The mercury is not readily acted upon by the acid. When the cell is delivering current to a load, the mercury continues to act on the impurities in the zinc. This causes the impurities to leave the surface of the zinc electrode and float to the surface of the mercury. This process greatly increases the storage life of the cell.

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A parallel plate air capacitor has a capacitance of 10 to the power -9. What potential difference is required for a charge of 5×
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The potential difference across the capacitor is 5 × 10∧4 volts and the energy stored in it is 1. 25 Joules

<h3>What is the energy in a capacitor?</h3>

The energy stored in a capacitor is an electrostatic potential energy.

It is related to the charge(Q) and voltage (V) between the capacitor plates.

It is represented as 'U'.

<h3>How to determine the potential difference</h3>

Formula:

Potential difference, V is the ratio of the charge to the capacitance of a capacitor.

It is calculated using:

V = Q ÷ C

Where Q = charge 5 × 10∧-5C and C = capacitance 10∧-9

Substitute the values into the equation

Potential difference, V = 5 × 10∧-5 ÷  10∧-9 = 5 × 10∧4 volts

<h3>How to determine the energy stored</h3>

Formula:

Energy, U = 1 ÷ 2 (QV)

Where Q= charge and V = potential difference across the capacitor

Energy, U = 1 ÷ 2 ( 5 × 10∧-5 × 5 × 10∧4)

= 0.5 × 25 × 10∧-1

= 0.5 × 2.5

= 1. 25 Joules

Therefore, the potential difference across the capacitor is 5 × 10∧4 volts and the energy stored in it is 1. 25 Joules

Learn more about capacitance here:

brainly.com/question/14883923

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2 years ago
liquid helium has a very low boiling point, 4.2 k, as well as a very low latent heat of vaporization, 2.00 104 j/kg. if energy i
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4.80 \times 10^3 \text { seconds }  long does it take to boil away 2.40 kg of the liquid.

Boiling point of He is $T=4.2 \mathrm{k}$

Latent heat of vapourization $L=2.00 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg}$

Power of electrical heater $P=30 \mathrm{w}$

mass of liquid is $m=2.40 \mathrm{~kg}$

amount of heat required to boil

$$\begin{aligned}&Q=m L \\&Q=2.40 \times 2 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~J} \\&Q=4.80 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~J}\end{aligned}$$

Power $p=\frac{\text { work }}{\text { time }}=\frac{\text { Energy }}{\text { Time }}$

$$\begin{aligned}P &=\frac{Q}{t} \\\text { tine } t &=\frac{Q}{P}=\frac{4.80 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~J}}{10} \\t &=4.80 \times 10^3 \text { seconds }\end{aligned}$$

The heat or energy that is absorbed or released during a substance's phase shift is known as latent heat. It could go from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas, or vice versa. Enthalpy, a characteristic of heat, is connected to latent heat.

The heat that is used or lost as matter melts and transitions from a solid to a fluid form at a constant temperature is known as the latent heat of fusion.

Due to the fact that during softening the heat energy anticipated to transform the substance from solid to fluid at air pressure is the latent heat of fusion and that the temperature remains constant during the process, the "enthalpy" of fusion is a latent heat. The enthalpy change of any quantity of material during dissolution is known as the latent heat of fusion.

For learn more about Latent heat of vaporization, visit: brainly.com/question/14980744

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