Answer:
cognitive neuroscience
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that the developmental approach that is being mentioned is cognitive neuroscience. This is a scientific field that concerns itself with minds aspects of underlying cognition, but more importantly on the neural connections that exist in mental processes. Part of this field is also working with genes associated with mental health disorders such as autism and schizophrenia
Your heart beats on average from about 60-100 beats per minute.
“ The nose- Warms and moisten air. The nasal cavities are involved in the resonance of tones.
The oral cavity- Includes the lips, teeth, and tongue. The structures serve as articulators.
The pharynx and the oral cavity- Both act as resonators that selectively amplify to varying degrees of intensity, fundamental tones and overtones.
The larynx- An organ consisting of a cartilaginous framework containing muscles and joints. The vibratile part of the larynx are the vocal folds which are the producers of sound.
The Lungs- They supply a stream of air which passes through the trachea.
The vocal folds- They vibrate throwing the stream of air into a series of complex vibrations. (Punt, 1979 and Henderson, 1979).”
Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
