the middle part in the center of the diagram. the nucleus is always in the center.
The formula used for finding the tangential speed (speed of something that is moving in a circular path) of an orbiting object is:
V₍t₎ = ωr
V₍t₎ = tangential speed or velocity
ω = angular velocity
r = radius of the circular path
if time taken t is only given then use this formula to calculate the tangential speed:
V₍t₎ = 2πr/t, t is time taken
When the ion concentrations in the cathode half-cell are increased by a factor of 10, the change in the cell voltage is ln10 times greater. This comes from the Nernst equation. Use variation to solve for the cell voltage in terms of the initial cell voltage before increasing the ion concentrations by 10.
i saw this online but i am not sure about it
thats why i looked it up i did not want you to stay without help :)
I would think it's generated by thermal motion of charged particles in matter
