Answer: <u>Endonuclease enzymes used in molecular biology that cut DNA at specified points.</u>
Explanation:
Enzymes are specific protein types which bind to a substrate within a reaction, to increase the rate of reaction within the solution- they speed up the rate of reaction.
Restriction enzymes are bacteria-derived enzymes; these make cuts on deoxyribonucleic acid molecules or DNA. These are also called restriction endonucleases. They are utilized in molecular biology for DNA cloning and sequencing and cut DNA into smaller pieces called fragments.
Restriction enzymes make directed cuts on DNA molecules. They precisely target sites on DNA to produce mostly identical or homogenous, discrete fragments of equal sizes, producing blunt or sticky ends. In order to do this, they recognize sequences of nucleotides that correspond with a complementary sequence on the endonuclease called restriction sites.
There are several kinds that may require cofactors (chemical or metallic compounds that aid in enzyme activity) :
- Type I: cleave far away from the recognition site; require ATP and SAMe S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine
- Type II: cleave near to the site; require Magnesium
- Type III: cleave near to the site; require ATP which is not hydrolysed but SAMe S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine is optional
- Type IV: cleavage targeted to DNA that have undergone post transcriptional modification through certain types of methylation (addition of a methyl group)
1. Acids have highest concentration of hydronium ions.
2. Bases have highest concentration of Hydroxide ions
3. a. less than 7 b. more than 7
4. Acids (Presence of hydronium ions)
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Answer:
Thermal energy is taken from heat sink in higher temperature. A thermal power machine does mechanical energy using part of the heat.
Part of heat taken are given in cold reservoir in lower temperature
Explanation:
Answer:
endothermic reactions
Explanation:
Endothermic reactions are those reactions that absorbs heat from the surroundings as opposed to the exothermic reaction that releases heat energy. This heat absorption that characterizes endothermic reactions causes the surrounding to be cool.
However, in an endothermic reaction, more energy is needed to be absorbed in order to break the bonds of the reactants to form products, hence, making the activation energy of endothermic reactions HIGHER.