The work function is what we call the minimum energy that is required by an electron to leave the metal target in the photoelectric effect.
On an extremely warm day, the balloon might pop because gases expand the hotter they get, and due to its temperature it is likely to pop if it is, indeed, nearly, if not completely, filled to its capacity. I hope this helps, have a nice day!
Gamma rays, X-rays, most ultraviolet rays, and some infrared are absorbed by the atmosphere but do not reach the Earth's surface
Answer:
C) 7.35*10⁶ N/C radially outward
Explanation:
- If we apply the Gauss'law, to a spherical gaussian surface with radius r=7 cm, due to the symmetry, the electric field must be normal to the surface, and equal at all points along it.
- So, we can write the following equation:

- As the electric field must be zero inside the conducting spherical shell, this means that the charge enclosed by a spherical gaussian surface of a radius between 4 and 5 cm, must be zero too.
- So, the +8 μC charge of the solid conducting sphere of radius 2cm, must be compensated by an equal and opposite charge on the inner surface of the conducting shell of total charge -4 μC.
- So, on the outer surface of the shell there must be a charge that be the difference between them:

- Replacing in (1) A = 4*π*ε₀, and Qenc = +4 μC, we can find the value of E, as follows:

- As the charge that produces this electric field is positive, and the electric field has the same direction as the one taken by a positive test charge under the influence of this field, the direction of the field is radially outward, away from the positive charge.