I guess it depends on the type of dog; larger dogs tend to live shorter than smaller ones. A statistical average would be between 10-13 years.
Slavery obviously. The North had more factories and they farmed food products. A large Southern export was cotton. The North also had a higher population, more cities. The South had more military bases. How many do you need?
The main idea of this paragraph, is, that people can create words by performing famous deeds. The author uses Louis Pasteur as an example.
While the fatwa originally dates back to the mid-1990s, the first public issue of it is reported to be that of October 2003, which was followed by an official statement at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, two years later in August 2005.