Basically, since we know that the ticket gives the $2.50 discount we know that the d value will be always $2.5 less than the corresponding p value. The only table that follows that rule is option A).
Fractions are just unsimplified numbers. For example 5/8 is just 5 divided by 8 so 0.625. To find the percent from that you move the decimal two places to the right making it 62.5%. Hope this helps!
