The so-called "terminal velocity" is the fastest that something can fall
through a fluid. Even though there's a constant force pulling it through,
the friction or resistance of plowing through the surrounding substance
gets bigger as the speed grows, so there's some speed where the resistance
is equal to the pulling force, and then the falling object can't go any faster.
A few examples:
-- the terminal velocity of a sky-diver falling through air,
-- the terminal velocity of a pecan falling through honey,
-- the terminal velocity of a stone falling through water.
It's not possible to say that "the terminal velocity is ----- miles per hour".
If any of these things changes, then the terminal velocity changes too:
-- weight of the falling object
-- shape of the object
-- surface texture (smoothness) of the object
-- density of the surrounding fluid
-- viscosity of the surrounding fluid .
Heat engines are less than 100% efficient because absolute zero cannot be reached
Light rays travel parallel to each other, no image formed
We'll look at two properties:
1. The variation in temperature
2. The material's heat transfer coefficient
By taking an example;
Use a circular rod made of a certain material (for example, steel) that is insulated all the way around.
One end of the rod is immersed in a huge reservoir of 100°C water, while the other is immersed in water at 40°C. The cold water is kept in an insulated cylinder on both sides. The temp of the chilly water is measured using a meter as a time - dependent.
Conclusion of experiment;
- Heat is transferred from a hot location to a cooler region.
- Whenever heat is applied to a body, its thermal power rises, and its temperature rises.
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"Gamma rays" is the name that we call the shortest of all electromagnetic waves. They're shorter than radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, heat waves, visible light waves, ultraviolet waves, and X-rays. They extend all the way down to waves that are as short as the distance across an atom.
Being so short, they carry lots of energy. They can penetrate many materials, and they can damage living cells and DNA. They're dangerous.
The sun puts out a lot of gamma radiation. The atmosphere (air) filters out a lot of it, otherwise there couldn't even be any life on Earth.
As soon as astronauts fly out of the atmosphere, they need a lot of shielding from gamma rays.
You know the precautions we take when we're around X-rays. The same precautions apply around gamma rays, only a lot more so.
It's only in the past several years that we've learned how to MAKE gamma rays without blowing things up. Also, how to control them, and how to use them for medical and industrial applications.
