You need to know these two formulas:

For example,

The formula of the future value of an annuity ordinary is
Fv=pmt [(1+r)^(n)-1)÷r]
Fv future value?
PMT 2400
R 0.08
T 32 years
Fv=2,400×((1+0.08)^(32)−1)÷(0.08)
Fv=322,112.49
Now deducte 28% the tax bracket from the amount we found
annual tax 2,400×0.28
=672 and tax over 32 years is 672×32
=21,504. So the effective value of Ashton's Roth IRA at retirement is 322,112.49−21,504=300,608.49
Answer:
d=5
Step-by-step explanation:
1. use the distance formula: d=
2. plug in the points: d=
3. solve problem inside parentheses: d=
4. square -4 and -3: d=
5. add:d=
6. find square root: d=5