<span>In an experiment, a researcher can make claims about causation if the independent variable changes because of changes made to the dependent variable. Causation works on cause and effect, so the changed independent variable is the cause and the changed dependent variable is the effect. In an experiment the independent variable is changed to determine the dependent variables value, so the two are directly related.</span>
Explanation:
a) Three types of chemical bondings:
- Ionic bonding: Complete transfer of electrons from an electropositive atom to an electronegative atom.
- Covalent bonding: Equal sharing of electrons between the atoms with less or zero electronegativity difference.
- Metallic bonding: The bonding between the conduction electrons(electron cloud of delocalised electrons) and positively charged metal ions
b) Those elements are named as Noble gases which inert in nature that is less reactive due to fully filled electronic configuration.
Their general electronic configuration is given by:

n = principle quantum number
c) In an ionic bonding, electrons are transferred to the electronegative atom from the electropositive atom.
Electronegative: An atom which gains an electrons.Negative charge carrying ion is formed.
Electropositive : An atom which looses electrons.Positive charge carrying ion is formed.
d) This because the band width between the conduction band and valence band is large due to which electrons will not able to jump from valence band to conduction band.This makes the non metal poor electrical conductors.
60
because mass of an object never change
but weight can change for example if it's
mass is 60kg 5he wieght will be 60kg * 9.8m/s²
=588N
The electric field due to a point charge of 20uC at a distance of 1 meter away from it is 180000
.
First, you have to know that the space surrounding a load suffers some kind of disturbance, since a load located in that space will suffer a force. The disturbance that this charge creates around it is called an electric field.
In other words, an electric field exists in a certain region of space if, when introducing a charge called witness charge or test charge, it undergoes the action of an electric force.
The electric field E created by the point charge q at any point P, located at a distance r, is defined as:

where K is the constant of Coulomb's law.
In this case, you know:
- K= 9×10⁹

- q= 20 uC=20×10⁻⁶ C
- r= 1 m
Replacing in the definition of electric field:

Solving:
<u><em>E=180000 </em></u>
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Finally, the electric field due to a point charge of 20uC at a distance of 1 meter away from it is 180000
.
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