Explanation:
Formula to determine the critical crack is as follows.
= 1, 
= 24.1
[/tex]\sigma_{y}[/tex] = 570
and, 
= 427.5
Hence, we will calculate the critical crack length as follows.
a = 
= 
= 
Therefore, largest size is as follows.
Largest size = 2a
= 
= 
Thus, we can conclude that the critical crack length for a through crack contained within the given plate is .
The amount of energy lost at the transition between each trophic level of the pyramid of energy is about 90%.
There are a total of 4 trophic levels.
The producers which bare plants represent the first trophic level. Herbivores represent the second trophic level. Carnivores represent the third trophic level. Top carnivores represent the fourth trophic level.
The 10 % rule is followed by the energy flow in a food chain. It means that moving from one trophic level to another, only 10% of energy is transferred and the rest is lost in the atmosphere.
So the 90% percent energy is lost at the transition between each trophic level of the pyramid of energy.
If you need to learn more about the trophic levels, click here
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Answer:
vf=at+v0. vf=0
-v0=at
t=-v0/a=(-27m/s)/(-8m/s^2)=3.4s
The convection currents in the mantle caused the crust on top to break apart & go different directions.
