The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta. The ductus venosus on the other hand is a fetal vessel that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior venacava. Ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel connecting the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs.
Deafness is caused due to rupturing of the eardrum
The water goes to wherever the higher percentage of solute is
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Recombination is an exchange between homologous chromosomes (e.g. chr 1 from mom x chr 1 from dad). Since it usually happens during meiosis, these strands are later separated. Recombination can be unequal or equal, but it's usually equal, and unequal crossovers are generally quite small (but a common source of addition/deletion).
Reciprocal translocation refers to an exchange between different chromosomes (e.g. chr 1 x chr 2). It is considered a large scale mutation (resulting in a large addition to one chromosome, and a large deletion in another).