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Lemur [1.5K]
3 years ago
9

What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down controls in ecosystems?

Biology
1 answer:
NARA [144]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how resources (space and nutrients) influence higher trophic forms , whereas a top-down system focuses on interactions at top level consumers (predators) and their prey influence on lower trophic forms.

Explanation:

hope it helps you  !

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In the electron transport system
antoniya [11.8K]

Answer:

A. NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons at the same location.

Explanation:

In the respiratory chain, four large protein complexes inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane transport NADH and FADH₂ electrons (formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) to oxygen gas, reducing them to NAD⁺ and FAD, respectively.

These electrons have great affinity for oxygen gas and, when combined with it, reduce it to water molecules at the end of the reaction.

Oxygen gas effectively participates in cellular respiration at this stage, so its absence would imply interruption of the process.

NADH and FADH₂ electrons, when attracted to oxygen, travel a path through protein complexes, releasing energy in this process.

The energy released by the NADH and FADH₂ electrons in the respiratory chain in theory yields <u>34</u> <u>ATP</u>, however, under normal conditions an average of 26 ATP molecules is formed.

If we consider that these 26 molecules are added to the two ATP formed in glycolysis and two ATP formed in the Krebs cycle, it can be said that cellular respiration reaches a maximum yield of 30 ATP per glucose molecule, although theoretically this number was 38 ATP per glucose molecule.

5 0
3 years ago
Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?
Oxana [17]

The correct answer is: sea stars

All animals listed above are invertebrates. One of the characteristic of invertebrates are that they are protostomes with the exception of Echinodermata (sea stars). The difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is in their embryonic development (orgin of mouth and anus).

In protostomes the mouth forms first: the oral end of the animal develops from the first developmental opening. On the other hand in deuterostomes the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, and the oral end of the develops from the second opening.

Humans are also deuterostomes.  

4 0
3 years ago
A strain of bacteria has a CRISPR-Cas system, but a mutation has destroyed the function of the Cas9 gene. How will the strain of
bogdanovich [222]

If mutation destroys the function of the Cas9 gene then the bacteria will not be able to target a specific bacteriophage for destruction upon infection for the second time.

<h3>What is the Cas9 gene?</h3>
  • Cas9 is a 160 kilodalton protein that plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.
  • Its main function is to cut DNA and thereby alter a cell's genome.
  • Although Cas9 is an endonuclease and is evolved as a mechanism of immunity against viruses, they are not considered restriction enzymes.

To learn more about the Cas9 gene,

brainly.com/question/22549100

#SPJ4

7 0
2 years ago
REALLY EASY PLS ANSWER
cluponka [151]
The answers are b, b, d
8 0
2 years ago
What are the 3 types of ocean pollution? And which one can make fish unsafe to eat?
kkurt [141]

Answer:

Oil, Plastic, and Noise pollution.

Explanation:

Plastic I'm thinking is unsafe for the fish, that or oil

Can I maybe have brain list if I'm right? Sorry if I'm wrong...

6 0
2 years ago
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