An independent variable is a variable that is controlled in the experiment to test whether there will be an effect on the dependent variable. So in the experiment, the independent variable is the color of the feeder because Jamal wants to know if there is an effect if he uses red feeders on the hummingbirds. This is the one being controlled by Jamal because he can use a variety of colors of the feeders.
A lot of European nations, such as France, were actually enemies of Great Britain, as many of the countries in Europe fought against each other for power, land and resources. So they would support the colonists, just because it would weaken Great Britain.
Substance abuse affects and costs the individual, the family, and the community in significant, measurable ways including loss of productivity and unemployability; impairment in physical and mental health; reduced quality of life; increased crime; increased violence; abuse and neglect of children; dependence on non-familial support systems for survival; and expenses for treatment. The physical and mental health and social consequences of alcohol and other drug use by women can seriously affect their lives and those of their families (HHS/SAMHSA, 1997a). Not only are women, especially young women, beginning to close the gap between female and male consumption of alcohol and other drugs, they suffer earlier and more serious consequences. Women become intoxicated and addicted more quickly than men and develop related diseases earlier (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1996).
