Weaken London dispersion forces and stronger dipole dipole forces
hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole
Explanation:
The intermolecular forces the particles of fluoride experiences is an ion-dipole bond, between the water molecules, there are hydrogen bonds.
- An ion-dipole bond is an attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule.
- The fluoride is the anion that is attracted by the positive end of water molecules.
- Water is a polar compound.
- Between the water molecule, there is presence of hydrogen bonds.
- Hydrogen bonds are special dipole - dipole attraction between polar molecules joined to a highly electronegative atom.
- The electrostatic attraction between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the electronegative atom of a neighboring molecule forms the hydrogen bond.
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Answer:
350 J
Explanation:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another. This means that in a system, energy is not lost.
In this question, an unlit match contains approximately 1,000 J of chemical energy. When lit, thermal and light energy are emitted i.e. it gets converted to light and heat energy. If the thermal energy emitted was measured to be 400J, and the remaining match still contains 250J of chemical energy, then:
The amount of light energy emitted will be:
Total chemical energy (1000J) - {Remaining chemical energy (250J) + emitted thermal energy (400J)}
= 1000 - (400 + 250)
= 1000 - 650
= 350
Hence, the amount of light energy emitted is 350J
Note that, the amount of energy converted (thermal and light) and remaining chemical energy still equates the total chemical energy in the match.
Answer:
Sulfur Dioxide
Explanation:
Sulfur dioxide is the chemical that, when released by factories using fossil fuels, combines with the atmosphere and can produce acid raid.
If the solvent level in the developing jar is deeper than the origin (spotting line) of the TLC plate, the solvent will dissolve the compounds into the solvent reservoir instead of allowing them to move up the plate by capillary action. Thus, you will not see spots after the plate is developed.
What is Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)?
- TLC is a simple, quick, and inexpensive procedure that gives the chemist a quick answer as to how many components are in a mixture.
- TLC is also used to support the identity of a compound in a mixture when the Rf of a compound is compared with the Rf of a known compound.
- A TLC plate is a sheet of glass, metal, or plastic which is coated with a thin layer of a solid adsorbent (usually silica or alumina). A small amount of the mixture to be analysed is spotted near the bottom of this plate.
- The TLC plate is then placed in a shallow pool of a solvent in a developing chamber so that only the very bottom of the plate is in the liquid. This liquid, or the eluent, is the mobile phase, and it slowly rises up the TLC plate by capillary action.
- As the solvent moves past the spot that was applied, an equilibrium is established for each component of the mixture between the molecules of that component which are adsorbed on the solid and the molecules which are in solution.
- In principle, the components will differ in solubility and in the strength of their adsorption to the adsorbent and some components will be carried farther up the plate than others. When the solvent has reached the top of the plate, the plate is removed from the developing chamber, dried, and the separated components of the mixture are visualized. If the compounds are coloured, visualization is straightforward.
- Usually the compounds are not coloured, so a UV lamp is used to visualize the plates. The plate itself contains a fluorescent dye which glows everywhere except where an organic compound is on the plate.
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