Four bags with three marbles per bag gives twelve marbles (4 × 3 = 12).
Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. Here we see 2 being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result.
Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6.
4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is composed of 20 squares, each having dimensions of 1 by 1.
Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m2; 4½ × 2½ = 11¼
Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol "×", by a point "⋅", by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk "∗") is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic; with the others being addition, subtraction and division.
The multiplication of whole numbers may be thought as a repeated addition; that is, the multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to adding as many copies of one of them, the multiplicand, as the value of the other one, the multiplier. The multiplier can be written first and multiplicand second (though the custom can vary by culture[1]).
{\displaystyle a\times b=\underbrace {b+\cdots +b} _{a}} a\times b=\underbrace {b+\cdots +b} _{a}
For example, 4 multiplied by 3 (often written as {\displaystyle 3\times 4} 3\times 4 and spoken as "3 times 4") can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:
{\displaystyle 3\times 4=4+4+4=12} 3\times 4=4+4+4=12
Here 3 and 4 are the factors and 12 is the product.
One of the main properties of multiplication is the commutative property: adding 3 copies of 4 gives the same result as adding 4 copies of 3:
{\displaystyle 4\times 3=3+3+3+3=12} 4\times 3=3+3+3+3=12
Thus the designation of multiplier and multiplicand does not affect the result of the multiplication[2].
The multiplication of integers (including negative numbers), rational numbers (fractions) and real numbers is defined by a systematic generalization of this basic definition.
Multiplication can also be visualized as counting objects arranged in a rectangle (for whole numbers) or as finding the area of a rectangle whose sides have given lengths. The area of a rectangle does not depend on which side is measured first, which illustrates the commutative property. The product of two measurements is a new type of measurement, for instance multiplying the lengths of the two sides of a rectangle gives its area, this is the subject of dimensional analysis.
The inverse operation of multiplication is division. For example, since 4 multiplied by 3 equals 12, then 12 divided by 3 equals 4. Multiplication by 3, followed by division by 3, yields the original number (since the division of a number other than 0 by itself equals 1).
Multiplication is also defined for other types of numbers, such as complex numbers, and more abstract constructs, like matrices. For some of these more abstract constructs, the order in which the operands are multiplied together matters. A listing of the many different kinds of products that are used in mathematics is given in the product (mathematics) page.
