Neural impulses are transmitted to bipolar cells when light energy enters the eye and triggers CHEMICAL CHANGES in the rods and cones. This process is known as phototransduction.
Phototransduction refers to the process by which photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals.
Photoreceptors (i.e., rod and cone cells) are specialized cells in the retina of the eye which are capable of converting light into electrical signals and thus trigger different physiological processes.
Phototransduction is triggered by the activation of signaling proteins, that open or close ion membrane channels in photoreceptor cells.
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A gene mutation can be described as errors in the nucleotide sequence of a gene due to errors in the DNA replication process or due to any mutagen. On the other hand, a chromosomal mutation can be described as a change in the structure of a DNA or changes in the number of chromosomes.
A gene mutation occurs in a single gene whereas a chromosomal mutation will affect many genes. Hence, gene mutations will be comparatively less lethal than chromosomal mutations.
Example of gene mutation: Sickle cell anemia
Example of chromosomal mutation: Down's Syndrome
Scientists establish the age of a rock or fossil based on natural radioactive decay and certain elements such as potassium and carbon, this is used to make reliable “clocks” to date ancient events.
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<span>Waves in a given area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their characteristic height over a period of time is usually expressed as significant wave height. This figure represents an average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually chosen somewhere in the range from 20 minutes to twelve hours), or in a specific wave or storm system. HOPE IT HELPS</span>
