I will take a stab at it, but there are not equations, did you forget them?
<span>c. Passing electric charge through the reactants Is the answer to you're question.
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Instruments
The specific type of instruments depends on the type of laboratory that you're working in: some labs for example use electron microscopes, others use mass spectrophotometers, others use multiplex biochemical analyzers, etc. But very broadly, the specialized tools we use in the laboratory are usually referred to as "instruments"
You can have as many controls as necessary, But they must remain equal at all times in order to get the most accurate results
