Castor oil is increasingly becoming an important bio-based raw material for industrial applications. The oil is non-edible and can be extracted from castor seeds from the castor plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The oil is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters linked to a glycerol. The presence of hydroxyl group, a double bond, carboxylic group and a long chain hydrocarbon in ricinoleic acid (a major component of the oil), offer several possibilities of transforming it into variety of materials. The oil is thus a potential alternative to petroleum-based starting chemicals for the production of materials with variety of properties. Despite this huge potential, very little has recently been reviewed on the use of castor oil as a bio-resource in the production of functional materials. This review therefore highlights the potential of castor oil in the production of these diverse materials with their projected global market potential. The review gives the background information of castor oil and its geographical availability, the properties and its uses as bio-based resource for synthesis of various materials. The review further highlights on the use of castor oil or ricinoleic acid as a green capping agent in the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Answer:
406.140 KHz
Explanation:
Given data:
Rsig = 100 kΩ
Rin = 100kΩ
Cgs = 1 pF,
Cgd = 0.2 pF, and etc.
Determine the expected 3-dB cutoff frequency
first find the CM miller capacitance
CM = ( 1 + gm*ro || RL )( Cgd )
= ( 1 + 5*10^-3 * 25 || 20 ) ( 0.2 )
= ( 11.311 ) pF
now we apply open time constant method to determine the cutoff frequency
Th = 1 / Fh
hence : Fh = 1 / Th =
= = 406.140 KHz
The question is incomplete. The complete question is --
An aluminum rod is press fitted onto an aluminum collar. The collar has an inner radius of 1 cm and an outer radius of 2 cm. Given the rod has a diameter of 1.01 cm and the young's modulus of aluminum is 69 GPa, determine the following :
1. the interference value, i
2. the radial pressure at the interference of the collar and the rod
3. the maximum effective stress in the collar
4. if the yield strength of aluminium is 200 MPa and assume a safety factor of 1.5, will the aluminium collar break
Solution:
Given :
Inner radius of the collar = 1 cm
So, inner diameter, = 2 cm
Outer radius of the collar = 12 cm
So, outer diameter, = 4 cm
The aluminium rod diameter, d = 1.01 cm
Now, from the figure, we can see that there will be no interference and so the rod will easily insert inside the collar.
1. So, the interference , i =0
2. The radial pressure is also 0.
3. There will be no stress developed. So the maximum effective stress is 0
4. The collar will not break