Describe the structure of atoms including the masses, electrical, charges, and locations of protons, neutrons in the nucleus ,an
1 answer:
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Answer:
(a) Δ = 2.881 J/K; Δ
= -2.881 J/K; total change in entropy = 0
(b)Δ = 2.881 J/K; Δ
= 0 ; total change in entropy = 2.881 J/K
(c) Δ = 0 ; Δ
= 0 ; total change in entropy = 0
Explanation:
In the given problem, we need to calculate the change in the entropy of the system and also the change in the entropy of the surroundings, and the resulting total change in entropy, when a sample of nitrogen gas of mass 14 g at 298 K and 1.00 bar doubles its volume. We have the following variable:
mass (m) = 14 g
Temperature = 298 K
Pressure = 1.00 bar
Initial volume =
Final volume = =
(a) Change in entropy of the system Δ =
where R = 8.314 J/(mol*K)
n = number of moles = mass/molar mass = 14/ 28 = 0.5 moles
Δ = 0.5*8.314*ln2 = 2.881 J/K
Change in entropy of the surrounding Δ = -2.881 J/K
Therefore, for a reversible process, the total change in entropy = Δ+Δ
= 2.881 - 2.881 = 0
(b) Because entropy is a state function, we use the same procedure as in part (a). Thus, Δ = 2.881 J/K
Since surrounding does not change in this process Δ = 0.
total change in entropy = Δ+Δ
= 2.881 - 0 = 2.88 J/K
(c) For an adiabatic reversible expansion, q(rev) = 0, thus:
Δ = 0
Since heat energy is not transferred from the system to the surrounding
Δ = 0
total change in entropy = Δ+Δ
= 0
Answer:
The total energy of the photons detected in one hour is 7.04*10⁻¹¹ J
Explanation:
The energy carried by electromagnetic radiation is displaced by waves. This energy is not continuous, but is transmitted grouped into small "quanta" of energy called photons. The energy (E) carried by electromagnetic radiation can be measured in Joules (J). Frequency (ν or f) is the number of times a wave oscillates in one second and is measured in cycles / second or hertz (Hz). The frequency is directly proportional to the energy carried by a radiation, according to the equation: E = h.f, (where h is the Planck constant = 6.63 · 10⁻³⁴ J / s).
Wavelength is the minimum distance between two successive points on the wave that are in the same state of vibration. it is expressed in units of length (m). In light and other electromagnetic waves that propagate at the speed of light (c), the frequency would be equal to the speed of light (≈ 3 × 10⁸ m / s) between the wavelength :
So:
In this case, the wavelength is 3.35mm=3.35*10⁻³m and the energy per photon is:
E=5.93*10⁻²³
The detector is capturing 3.3*10⁸ photons per second. So, in 1 hour:
E=7.04*10⁻¹¹
The total energy of the photons detected in one hour is 7.04*10⁻¹¹ J