As it is not possible to have access to the clip, it will not be possible to promote an answer with exactness, however I will try to help you in the best possible way.
To define discussion roles in a group, we must be able to observe that each person within that group was responsible for a topic, which will be inserted into the discussion, so that each person must assume their role defending the topic to which they were assigned.
Answer:
All before-mentioned forms of corruption occur in the public sector, including bribery, embezzlement, illicit enrichment, trading in influence, and abuse of functions (which can involve favouritism and nepotism). As noted in Module 1, the precise legal articulation of corruption offences is complex. For example, article 15 of UNCAC defines bribery in the public sector as "[t]he promise, offering or giving, to a public official, directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage, for the official himself or herself or another person or entity, in order that the official act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her official duties". While this definition can be difficult to digest, the essence of the crime - money or anything else of value exchanged for benefits from political or economic actors - is not difficult to grasp. Nor is it difficult to understand the effect of the crime - circumventing lawful procedures by auctioning off political or economic power to the highest bidder.
The same goes for embezzlement and misappropriation of property, defined in UNCAC Article 17. Beyond the complex legal formulation of the definition, the bottom line is that someone entrusted with something valuable (such as property, funds or investments) has taken it for him- or herself or routed it to some third party at the expense of others. It is, essentially, a combination of betrayal and theft. UNCAC article 19 defines the offence of abuse of functions. This offence could apply to situations such as patronage (the use of State resources to reward individuals for their electoral support); nepotism (preferential treatment of relatives); cronyism (awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues); and sextortion (the demand for sexual favours as a form of payment) - all of which undermine independent or democratically representative decision-making, and fair and competitive processes in the formation or staffing of governments. Like the crimes of bribery and embezzlement, these forms of corruption are highly destructive of transparency, accountability and the rule of law. That is not only their effect; it is also their object and purpose. For a further discussion of the crimes defined by UNCAC and the corollary obligations of States that are party to the Convention, see Module 12 of the E4J University Module Series on Anti-Corruption.
Corruption manifests differently in different areas of the public sector. For example, corruption schemes in the areas of security and defence may include patronage and bribes to secure the purchase of military equipment from a particular company, while in the health sector it may refer to kickbacks that patients have to pay to their doctors or abuse of healthcare funds by public officials and doctors. In the area of education, corruption occurs when lecturers demand favours from their students to pass an exam or to receive a diploma (for more information about corruption in education see Module 9 of the E4J University Module Series on Anti-Corruption). Common corruption schemes in the police and the judiciary include the manipulation of cases and evidence by the police, court judgments given to satisfy a favoured party, and corruption in judicial procurement. All these schemes lead to people's frustration, disengagement, polarization and even conflict. When these corruption offences occur in the areas of the public sector that are responsible for providing justice and enforcing the law, such as the judiciary and the police, they are not only offences in their own right, they also obstruct the course of justice and undermine the rule of law and human rights in the most direct and fundamental way.
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village executive is a part of governance which implement the law made by lagislature. hope it's right
- Why did Henry Paulson propose the intervention of the Federal Reserve, which was subsequently enforced by the enactment of the The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008?
It was implemented by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson. It consisted on a bailout to ensure the viability of the US financial system after the subprime mortgage crisis because massive defautls had already triggered the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers. $700 billion were directed to purchase mortgage-based securities and other potentially dangerous assets, injecting liquidity to banks.
- In which manner is it similar to the measures implemented during the Great Depression?
Authorities are undertaking an interventionist stance in order to reverse the critical economic situation. Recession was faced by pumping public money into the system hence, by increasing public spending, aiming that it would subsequently lead to demand increases. Such solutions are therefore based on Keynesian economics, as it was the New Deal implemented by President Roosevelt in the 1930s.
- What is the 'Quantitative Easing' mechanism?
It is one of the actions that have been performed by the Fed since 2008. It is an expansionary monetary policty that consists on large asset purchases that would decrease interest rates and, in turn, boost public and private investments, consumption and, in general, the whole aggregate demand.
