Answer:
1. Ionic bonding
2. Covalent bonding
3. Metallic bonding
Explanation:
Ionic bonding also referred to as electrovalent bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that involves the transfer of electrons between the valence shells of two elements with a large electronegativity difference usually a metal and a nonmetal.
For example an ionic bonding scenario might play out between a group one metal and a group seven halogen. While group one metals have one electron hindering their stability, group seven halogens need that one electron that could make them achieve this stability. It is this that causes them to come together in a way where the electron is transferred completely from the valence shell of the group 1 atom and accepted into the valence shell of the group 7 halogen.
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms of comparable electronegativities. The electro negativity difference is not large enough to permit the total movement of the electrons and hence the electrons are then controlled by the nuclei of the two atoms
Between two metals, what we have is called the metallic bonding
The explanation is shown in the image attached with
Answer:
The absorption and strength of the H-beta lines change with the temperature of the stellar surface, and because of this, one can find the temperature of the star from their absorption lines and strength. To better comprehend, let us look into the concept of the atom's atomic structure.
Atoms possess distinct energy levels and these levels of energy are constant, that is, the temperature has no influence on it. However, temperature possesses an influence on the electron numbers found within these levels of energy. Therefore, to generate an absorption line of hydrogen in the electromagnetic spectrum's visible band, the electrons are required to be present in the second energy level, that is when it captivates a photon.
Therefore, after captivating the photons the electrons jump from level 2 to level 4, which shows that there is an increase in the stellar surface temperature and at the same time one can witness a decline in the strength of the H-beta lines. In case, if the temperature of the surface increases too much, then one will witness no attachment of electron with the hydrogen atom and thus no H lines, and if the temperature of the surface becomes too low, then the electrons will stay in the ground state and no formation of H lines will take place in that condition too.
Hence, to generate a very robust H line, after captivating photons the majority of the electrons are required to stay in the second energy level.
The solubility product expressions for the CuBr, ZnC₂O₄ and Ag₂CrO₄ will be represented as [Cu⁺][Br⁻], [Zn²⁺][C₂O₄²⁻] and [Ag⁺]²[CrO₄²⁻] respectively.
<h3>What is solubility product expressions?</h3>
The solubility product expression or constant is denoted by Ksp, and it is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution.
- Balanced chemical reaction of CuBr is CuBr → Cu⁺ + Br⁻ and value of Ksp will be written as Ksp = [Cu⁺][Br⁻].
- Balanced chemical reaction of ZnC₂O₄ is ZnC₂O₄ → Zn²⁺ + C₂O₄²⁻ and value of Ksp will be written as Ksp = [Zn²⁺][C₂O₄²⁻].
- Balanced chemical reaction of Ag₂CrO₄ is AgCrO₄ → 2Ag⁺ + CrO₄²⁻ and value of Ksp will be written as Ksp = [Ag⁺]²[CrO₄²⁻].
Hence balanced equations with solubility product expressions will be shown above.
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