Answer:
a. electrophilic aromatic substitution
b. nucleophilic aromatic substitution
c. nucleophilic aromatic substitution
d. electrophilic aromatic substitution
e. nucleophilic aromatic substitution
f. electrophilic aromatic substitution
Explanation:
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a type of chemical reaction where a hydrogen atom or a functional group that is attached to the aromatic ring is replaced by an electrophile. Electrophilic aromatic substitutions can be classified into five classes: 1-Halogenation: is the replacement of one or more hydrogen (H) atoms in an organic compound by a halogen such as, for example, bromine (bromination), chlorine (chlorination), etc; 2- Nitration: the replacement of H with a nitrate group (NO2); 3-Sulfonation: the replacement of H with a bisulfite (SO3H); 4-Friedel-CraftsAlkylation: the replacement of H with an alkyl group (R), and 5-Friedel-Crafts Acylation: the replacement of H with an acyl group (RCO). For example, the Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution to produce a wide range of chemical compounds (chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, benzene sulfonic acid, etc).
A nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a type of chemical reaction where an electron-rich nucleophile displaces a leaving group (for example, a halide on the aromatic ring). There are six types of nucleophilic substitution mechanisms: 1-the SNAr (addition-elimination) mechanism, whose name is due to the Hughes-Ingold symbol ''SN' and a unimolecular mechanism; 2-the SN1 reaction that produces diazonium salts 3-the benzyne mechanism that produce highly reactive species (including benzyne) derived from the aromatic ring by the replacement of two substituents; 4-the free radical SRN1 mechanism where a substituent on the aromatic ring is displaced by a nucleophile with the formation of intermediary free radical species; 5-the ANRORC (Addition of the Nucleophile, Ring Opening, and Ring Closure) mechanism, involved in reactions of metal amide nucleophiles and substituted pyrimidines; and 6-the Vicarious nucleophilic substitution, where a nucleophile displaces an H atom on the aromatic ring but without leaving groups (such as, for example, halogen substituents).
Answer:
1.3 mol H₂O
Explanation:
Let's consider the decomposition reaction of ammonium perchlorate.
NH₄ClO₄(s) → 1/2 N₂(g) + 1/2 Cl₂(g) + O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)
As we can see in the balanced equation, the molar ratio of ammonium perchlorate to water is 1:2. The moles of water produced by the reaction of 2.5 mol of ammonium perchlorate.
2.5 mol NH₄ClO₄ × (2 mol H₂O / 1 mol NH₄ClO₄) = 1.3 mol H₂O
Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of a chemical
reaction. It is important to know that reacting species must first possess a
minimum amount of energy equal to the activation energy for the reaction
to proceed. The catalyst works in a way that lowers the activation energy
required for the reaction to proceed. In this way, the reaction occurs at a
faster rate than without a catalyst. Catalysts do not react with
the chemical species in the reaction, thus, they are not consumed. However, over
time, catalysts tend to degrade and their function is also reduced. When this
happens, new catalysts replace the poisoned ones. Catalysts are widely used
today since they bring an increase in the production rate of commercial chemicals.
The balanced redox equation of the reaction is given below:
- I⁻ + 2 MnO₄ + H₂O → IO₃⁻ + 2 MnO₂ + 2 OH⁻
The oxidizing agent is MnO₄ while the reducing agent is I⁻.
<h3>What are redox equations?</h3>
Redox equations are equations in which oxidation and reduction reactions occur together.
Redox reactions can take place in alkaline or acidic mediums.
The balanced redox equation of the reaction is given below:
- I⁻ + 2 MnO₄ + H₂O → IO₃⁻ + 2 MnO₂ + 2 OH⁻
The oxidizing agent is MnO₄ while the reducing agent is I⁻
In conclusion, a balanced redox equation is one in which the atoms and the change in oxidation state is equal on both sides of the reaction.
Learn more about redox equations at: brainly.com/question/27239694
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At room temperature hydrogen chloride is a colorless gas with a sharp or pungent odor. Under pressure or at temperatures below –85°C (-121°F), it is a clear liquid.
