Answer:
The Various Kinases that is activated after the breaks in DNA is after the activation of ATM serine threonine kinase which helps in phosphorylation of other DNA replication check proteins, p53 protein (tumor suppressor protein) etc.
Explanation:
ATM activated by MRN complex at the site of DNA double stranded breaks by phosphorylation. MRN complex activity on ATM induces a conformational change in ATM kinase. So it can bind to its various substrate molecules that helps in DNA replication cycle arrest.
ATM phosphorylates CHK2 protein a product of CHEK2 gene, also known as effector kinases that phosphorylates and helps in deactivation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) that helps in the prevention of progression of mitotic phase.
ATM also phosphorylates the inhibitors of p53 proteins which leads to the overexpression of p21, an inhibitor of (CDKs).
There are 4 valence electrons in an atom of carbon. Carbon is in group 4A of the periodic table. There are 6 electrons in a carbon atom but only 4 of them are valence. carbon can never form more than 4 bonds and is unhappy with less than 4.
Answer:
The process illustrated in the diagram is the non light dependent reactions of photosynthesis termed as Calvin Cycle.
Explanation:
- Two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) are produced or released from step one to step two of Calvin cycle.
- The source of energy that helps to start step one are ATP and NADPH, mainly derived from the light dependent reaction.
- The oxygen molecule thus formed by splitting of water is release to the nature as oxygen, which living organisms utilizes in respiration.
- Carbon dioxide comes from the atmosphere to start the process.
- Light reactions occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the plant organelles namely chloroplasts.
- Non-light dependent reaction or Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma chloroplasts.
<span>Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA during meiosis in a process called crossing-over. Crossing-over sometimes involves an unequal swapping of DNA. Basically one chromosome in the pair gets extra DNA.</span>
