Endotoxin ,released by bacteria in the intestines, can cause the liver to release damaging compounds called Mediators ( proinflammatory mediators).
What is endotoxin ?
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria ( like Escherichia coli , Salmonella shigella and haemophilus influenzae) , which can induce inflammation and fever as an immune response in higher organisms. reaction to endotoxin can lead to anaphylactic shock and death of patients.
Alcohol consumption can lead to increased endotoxin levels in the blood and liver
Effects of endotoxin release:
If the endotoxins are translocated from the intestinal tract to the circulation or injected into bloodstream ,they cause serious effects (endotoxin shock ).
Endotoxin activates kupffer cells by interacting with a complex of protein molecules that are located on outside of the kupffer cell or which extend into the cell.
Binding of endotoxin alters the activities of the proteins in this complex so that they trigger a cascade of biochemical signals in kupffer cell ,resulting in cytokines and ROS production and ultimately liver damage .
The human health effect of acute exposure to endotoxin includes sepsis ;clinical symptoms such as fever,shaking chills and septic shock and toxic pneumonitis ,lung function decrements and respiratory symptoms such as byssinosis.
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