The most important source of error in the measurement of CO2 elimination is rebreathing, which corresponds to bout 24 ml of end expiratory gas per breath with the standard Y-pieces and tubing.This problem may be decreased by the use of non-return valves in the Y-pieces.
0.01 m
< 0.03 m
< 0.04 m urea
As molal concentration rises, so does freezing point depression. It can be expressed mathematically as ΔTf = Kfm.
<h3>What is Colligative Properties ?</h3>
- The concentration of solute particles in a solution, not the composition of the solute, determines a colligative properties .
- Osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapor pressure reduction are examples of ligand-like properties.
<h3>What is freezing point depression?</h3>
- When less of another non-volatile material is added, the temperature at which a substance freezes decreases, a process known as Freezing-point depression.
- Examples include combining two solids together, such as contaminants in a finely powdered medicine, salt in water, alcohol in water.
- An significant factor in workplace safety is freezing points.
- If a substance is kept below its freezing point, it may become more or less dangerous.
- The freezing point additionally offers a crucial safety standard for evaluating the impacts of worker exposure to cold conditions.
Learn moree about Colligative Properties here:
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Answer:
Atom is the smallest particle of matter.
Elements are made up of same atoms.
Atom consist of electron, proton and neutron.
Explanation:
Atom was first discovered by John Dalton.
word "Atom" came from Greek word, that means something that could not split. he explained that atom is indivisible particle.
In the end of 18th century J.J. Thomson put forward a new concept of atom. he said that atom have negative charged particles called electrons but overall atom is neutral.
In 1909 Rutherford with his students discovered positive charged particles and nucleus and said that it is in the center of atom.
He explain a model of atom and said that electrons revolve around a hard core in the center called nucleus.
In 1913 Niels Bohr explains the atomic spectra and put forward the concept of shells and sub-shells.
So overall Structure of an Atom is
- consist of Neutrons in nucleus
- +ve charged protons in nucleus
- A -vely charged electrons revolving around the nucleus
- the electron revolve in shells i.e. K, L, M, and N
- Each shell divide in sub-Shell such as s, p,d and f.
Atom has a specific atomic mass and atomic number
Atomic number = number of protons or electron
Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons in nucleus.
D but I’m not to sure about it
For the first one I think it’s A, and I think the second one is C. Those seem most logical.