The answer is: 8th Amendment (to the Constitution of the United States).
this Amendment explicitly prohibits too high bail, but also too high fines, cruel and unusual punishment - and it is this amendment that the opponents of death penalty often invoke, is it would be "cruel and unusual punishment).
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What led to inflation after the Revolutionary War was that American paper money was not backed by gold or silver, and this led to the countries debt.
Your answer is: American paper money was not backed by gold or silver.
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