In the first table, both element particles have more electrons than protons which is unusual and indicates they have a negative charge. Furthermore both numbers add up to full electron shells (2,8 and 2,8,8) meaning they are ions (charged particles formed to gain full valence shells and become stable), so it is C for the first question, negative ions.
As for the second one, isotopes like versions of the same element except with different numbers of neutrons, so they are still the same element but have different mass. As shown here the numbers indicate the number of neutrons therefore it is D, 3 more neutrons and no more electrons.
Just like how heat moves from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature, molecules also tend to move from
a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. This is
called natural diffusion and is naturally happening to reach stability.
