What is a Philadelphia chromosome?

Biology

2 answers:

TiliK225 [7]2 years ago

4 0

Answer:

"Philadelphia chromosome. A piece of chromosome 9 and a piece of chromosome 22 break off and trade places. The BCR-ABL gene is formed on chromosome 22 where the piece of chromosome 9 attaches. The changed chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome."

"The Philadelphia chromosome forms when chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 break and exchange portions. This creates an abnormally small chromosome 22 and a new combination of instructions for your cells that can lead to the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia."

"People aren't born with a Philadelphia chromosome. It happens because of a mistake our bodies can make later in life. The mistake is that a piece of chromosome 9 sticks to a piece of chromosome 22. This mistake leads to a very serious blood cancer called "chronic myeloid leukemia," or CML."

"The Philadelphia chromosome is seen in more than 90% of patients with CML but also in 5% or less of children with ALL (20% of adult ALL) and in 2% or less of children with AML. Different isoforms of the fusion gene may be present in ALL. ALL in a child with the Philadelphia chromosome has a much poorer prognosis."

"Currently, the standard of care in the frontline setting for fit patients is TKI in combination with chemotherapy. Age-adjusted chemotherapy or corticosteroids alone have been used with TKIs in elderly patients with comorbidities with modest long-term benefit."

if it helps you brainliest? :)

mezya [45]2 years ago

3 0

Answer:

A piece of chromosome 9 and a piece of chromosome 22 break off and trade places.

Explanation:

The BCR-ABL gene is formed on chromosome 22 where the piece of chromosome 9 attaches. The changed chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome.

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The net energy yield from this pathway, where glucose is broken down through several steps forming pyruvate, is ________ molecul

stepan [7]

Answer:

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

Explanation:

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration (break down of glucose to extract energy) which occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis is a pathway common to all living organisms- prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as it does not require oxygen to occur.

Glycolysis occurs in two major phases (ten steps) requiring 10 enzymes catalyzing each step; the energy-requiring phase and the energy-requiring phase.

In the energy-requiring phase, the starting molecule (glucose) gets rearranged in a series of chemical reactions, and two phosphate groups gets attached to it producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which is unstable, This modified sugar then splits in half due to its instability to form two different but inter-convertible phosphate-bearing three-carbon sugars (Dihydroxyacetonephosphate, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P). Because the phosphates used in these steps come from 2 ATP molecules, 2 ATP molecules get used up in this phase

All the DHAP molecules get converted to G-3-P in order to enter the next phase.

In the energy-recovering phase, the 3-carbon sugar (G3P) is converted into another three-carbon molecule called pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, two ATP and 1 NADH molecules are made. This recovery phase occurs twice (one for each of the two isomeric three-carbon sugars, DHAP and G3P). Hence, a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are produced in this phase.

Overall, Glycolysis converts one glucose (six-carbon) molecule to two pyruvate (three-carbon) molecules and a net release of 2 ATP molecules (4 overall - 2 used) and 2 NADH molecules.