Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming.
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar traits in different epochs or species.
Convergent evolution creates similar structures that are similar in form and function but do not exist in the last common ancestor of this group.
Another term for the same phenomenon is alloplasty. The cyclical evolution of flight is a classic example because flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats have all independently developed useful flight abilities.
Functionally similar traits resulting from convergent evolution are similar, but homologous structures or traits may have a common origin but different functions.
Although the wings of birds, bats, and pterosaurs have similar structures, the forelimbs are homologous and share common ancestral conditions, but perform different functions.
The opposite of convergence is divergent evolution, in which related species acquire different characteristics.
Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evolution and occurs when two independent species develop in the same direction and independently acquire similar characteristics. For example, gliding frogs evolved in parallel with several species of tree frogs.
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